Ancient Chinese Innovations Free Essays

Ancient Chinese Innovations Jennifer E Strayer University Humanities 111 Ancient Chinese Innovations The ancient Chinese culture has probably contributed more to the advancement of humans than any other. In China’s long history they have shown us many extremely important inventions. In the modern world we take a lot of these innovations for granted even though we use many of them on a daily basis. We will write a custom essay sample on Ancient Chinese Innovations or any similar topic only for you Order Now I have often wondered who invented many items I use and it surprised me to find out that most things I use and quite possibly cannot live without were invented in ancient China. What would we do if paper had not been invented we may still be etching on stone and bones? Cai Lun successfully invented the very first batch of paper using fish nets and tree bark around 105 BCE. The invention of toilet paper would not have been possible without making paper first. Navigation was made easier with the invention of the compass. Would marinara sauce taste as good if it were not covering pasta or ravioli? Pasta was invented around 300 BCE, nearly 2000 years before the Italian or the Arabs. Would the wars of the world ended the way they did without gunpowder? Around 850 CE, Chinese alchemist discovered gunpowder while searching for immortality. Many historical records and books might not have been made if it were not for the ease of moveable-type printing, which allowed for mass production of written material. Earthquake detection is another invention that many might not have lived without it. The early seismograph created during the Han dynasty around 132 CE used a pendulum to alert for a coming earthquake. While it is not known who first invented the sundial, the first mechanical clock was an important innovation by the ancient Chinese. Clark, 2009; Laudan, 2000; University C. , n. d; Unknown, Top 10 greatest inventions of ancient China, 2007) I think the four most innovative inventions given to us by China are the compass, toilet paper, moveable-type printing and the sundial. The magnetic compass was first made somewhere between 221-206 BCE during the Qin dynasty. The original use was in fortune telling until it was discovered that it was better used at pointing out real directions. Originally used as padding or packing material n the second century BCE, the early Chinese writers mention using toilet paper as we do today as early as 589 BCE. The Chinese invented Woodblock printing over 2,000 years ago. Bi Sheng invented moveable clay type printing from which all later printing methods were developed from. The world’s first clock was invented by Yi Xing, a Buddhist monk and mathematician, his clock operated by having water drip onto a wheel that made a revolution every 24 hours. Hundreds of years later Su Song, an astronomer and mechanist, created what we know as the ancestor of the modern clock. Bellis, n. d; University C. , n. d; Unknown, Top 10 greatest inventions of ancient China, 2007) Our modern world was created on the foundation of these innovations, they have been improved upon and upgraded over the centuries but the basic ideas remain the same. If there were one of these inventions that I simply w ould not want to live without it would have to be toilet paper. While water was the common way to cleanse after each trip to the bathroom, the convenience and ease of using toilet paper had travelers to China commenting about people’s cleanliness as early as 851 CE. In any natural disaster one key thing is sanitation; toilet paper is much more sanitary than using your hand and some water. A few months ago I saw a documentary called No Impact Man, where Colin Beaven, his wife and daughter, took part in a yearlong experiment to see if they could go that long and not impact the environment. One of the experiments was if they could go a year without using toilet paper. They did it, using cloth instead, just like cloth diapers, wash and reuse. While I know now that I could survive without toilet paper, I simply would not want to. Rowles, 2010) Works Cited Barsoum, D. M. (2006, December 18). Solving the Mysteries of the Pyramids. Retrieved January 23, 2012, from Department of Materials Science Engineering: http://www. materials. drexel. edu/News/Item/? i=948 Bellis, M. (n. d). The Compass and other Magnetic Innovations. Retrieved February 25, 2012, from inventors. About. com: http://inventors. about. com/od/cstartinventions/a/Compass. htm Clark, J. ( 2009, March 9). Top 10 Ancient Chinese Inventions. Retrieved February 17, 2012, from HowStuffWorks. com: How to cite Ancient Chinese Innovations, Essay examples

Jfk Assassinaton Essay Example For Students

Jfk Assassinaton Essay J.F.K. AssassinationIf Lee Harvey Oswald killed J.F.K. and it wasnt a conspiracy, then why is the government still withholding reports done on the assassination from the publics eyes, in the FBIs possession?President Kennedy was assassinated in 1963 on November 22. He was elected president in 1961. First he was a senator. Then he went straight from Capitol Hill to the White House. Robert Kennedy was attorney general and was J. F. K.s brother. He was head of the investigation of the assassination after Kennedy was killed (3: 1-5). Both Robert and J. F. K. knew that people wanted to kill them. J. F. K. didnt worry about it. But after John F. Kennedy was killed, his brother Robert Kennedy ordered that the casket was to be kept closed to public viewing. Robert thought it would have been him to get killed first, not his brother (5: 83). Robert encouraged his brother to sign three anti-crime bills. The bills targeted organized crime. They were used to stop gambling or at least crack down o n it (7: NP). But even with the bills, the FBI director, Hoover, was afraid to go after the mob before the assassination because he thought his agents would become corrupt, and because Castro knew about the conspiracy against him. Hoover even told his agents that if the Mafia caught them, they would be fired and would be treated as a renegade (5: 84). The government didnt approve of the crack down on the mob that was in America. Teddy Kennedy loved busting the Mafia. People like Jimmy Hoffa. Even Frank Sinatra became close friends with Teddy, even made trips to the White House (3: 12-18). But just like his brother John, Robert was also killed (3: 105). After the assassination Robert carried on the bills and got killed also (3: 105). In 1962 Cuba was known to have missiles from the Soviet Union in Cuba. They thought Cuba or the Soviet Union would make a nuclear strike. Accused of helping the soviet union wage war on the U.S., enemies and suspects were made (7: NP). Neither the FBI no r the CIA approved of getting into the Vietnam War. They didnt approve of any of the presidents decisions (3: 105). There were three shots, even a possible four. Some people think that the last shot was one from an agents gun going off into J.F.K.s head after reacting to the shots (5: 84-85). The first shot missed. The second shot hit J.F.K.s shoulder, back, and throat; and Connallys shoulder, wrist, and leg (5: 84-85). But how could one bullet travel with that much force to go through all of that flesh? The third shot was fatal to Kennedy but was very far away, very accurate, and deadly efficient (5: 99). Even the FBIs best couldnt shot with Oswalds gun that accurately (5: 84-85). The gun was tested by the FBI and was found to be off centered. Many people coming from the grassy knoll heard the possible fourth shot. Someone was also seen running away from the knoll and was seen lingering there before the shots rang out. Whoever it was seemed to look like a FBI agent. The three shots that rang out on that very famous day can not be done in that same amount of time or with that accuracy even today (5: 84-85). Oswald was a very simple person with many mental problems. He mail ordered the gun that he supposedly shot Kennedy with. It only cost 21 dollars and was bought under a bogus name (5: 90). And after buying the gun Oswald had his wife take a picture of him holding the gun up by his side (3: 1-3). Why would Oswald take a picture of himself and the gun if he was planning to kill the President? You cant expect a very good shot to come from a mail order gun for 21 dollars and with a mental case handling it. During the middle of the cold war Oswald ran to Russia and came home disillusioned. Oswald tried to get citizenship in Moscow and when they refused him he cut his wrists (5: 71). And soon after Oswald met with Valery Vladimirovich Kostikov, a Russian ambassador, and with out Oswald knowing, he wrote a memo to his superiors asking if Oswald was in or out of the assassination plot (5: 90). Oswald was such a bad shot that once while he was still in the marines he shot himself in the foot while at post in Japan. Oswald wanted to leave the country so bad that he wanted to go to Cuba and even referred to the leader as Uncle Fidel (5: 72). Why would an American Marine want to go to Cuba where they were hated? Oswalds friends said that Oswald admired Kennedy. He didnt have a motive to kill Kennedy. Even Oswalds wife had a secret attraction to J.F.K., that even hedidnt know about (5: 71-72). Oswald even tried to get his wife to come with him to Dallas to see the President. When she refused him, she awoke the next morning to find his wedding ring and all that they had saved together plus 170 dollars beside their bed (5: 72). No one even actually saw Oswald shoot Kennedy. All that the people saw was Oswald running away from the scene (5: 94). How could the FBI agents get such an accurate description of Oswald if he was running away from the scene? The description was broadcast over the radio right after the assassination. Oswald worked at the book depositary way before the rote was made for Kennedy to come down (5: 94). How could Oswald have known that Kennedy would have been coming that way that afternoon? Oswald denied shooting J.F.K. after being caught and even denied shooting J.D. Tippit after Tippit spotted him. Tippit was a Dallas police officer that was on the look out for Oswald and spotted him in the book depository, where Oswald shot him (5: 72). It was a warm summer day when his life turned upside down EssayHosty, a special agent at the FBI and a friend of Oswald, had his phone number found in Oswalds address book and walked into the FBI weeks before the assassination. Oswald walked into the office and handed them a note to give Hosty, telling them to leave his wife alone (5: 90). Why would the FBI be after Oswalds wife? After Hosty received the note the director of the FBI ordered Hosty to get rid of the note Oswald left him (5: 84). Hosty was also told by the FBI not to tell the Dallas police anymore than he had already told them (5: 86). Why would the FBI be after Oswalds wife? His wife was in no way involved in the assassination. The only part Oswalds wife played in the assassination was she took the famous picture of Oswald holding the mail order gun in his hand. In which Oswald claimed to be a fake. When trailed, Marina Oswald testified that she thought that Lee Harvey Oswald was shooting at John Connally, not J.F.K. Because the former Navy secretary brushed off Oswalds request to upgrade his Marine Corps discharge. Even a Dallas lawyer overheard Oswald and Jack Ruby plotting the kill of Connally, while they were in the book depository. So why would Oswald, a simple veteran who loved his country but tried to escape it, have no motive, try to kill the President? Castro was the one who was angry with the U.S., because they planed to assassinate him. And why would the Warren Commission be made up of just FBI agents and not the CIA and other branches of the government? And why doesnt the government make the report available to the public for viewing? Oswald did not kill the President, but was used to take the blame for the assassination. Ruby was brain washed by the Mafia to kill Oswald. And the Mafia was paid off by the government to hire Ruby. American History Essays

Adoption vs Abortion free essay sample

Within this paper, our learning team will conduct a debate between two topics with very different opposing viewpoints: adoption versus abortion. We will provide questions and answers in regard to whether or not a woman should have an abortion or put up the woman’s baby for adoption. We will provide similarities between adoption and abortion. In addition, we will give differences between adoption and abortion. We will discuss the various religious beliefs between adoption and abortion. The negative psychological effects of adopted and unwanted children will be discussed. In addition, we will determine if abortion is a good option for some women. Many children are on waiting lists for perspective parents, and some of these children wait a long time to acquire adoptive parents. We will also provide statistics on the percentage of children who are abused by adoptive parents. Debate Topic: Adoption versus Abortion Introduction When making the decision to place a child up for adoption or to have an abortion there are many items to consider. We will write a custom essay sample on Adoption vs Abortion or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When weighing the pros and cons; there are many more benefits with adoption than abortion. Adoption gives a child a stable home when the birth mother feels she cannot provide such a thing. Adoption gives those who cannot have children or who want more children, the chance to be loving parents. While providing adults with a child, it is also providing the child with a loving, stable, and family environment. Different kinds of adoption that can be done: important for the birth mother, and the adopting parents to be comfortable in his or her decision. Closed adoption in which the birth mother never sees the baby and has no contact throughout his or her lives. Open adoption is a good way for the birth mother to keep updated with the child. The adoptive parents can allow visitations or send pictures throughout the child’s life. Kinship adoption here a family member adopts and raises the child. This provides even more contact between the birth mother and child (Sex,etc. 2010). Adoption gives birth mothers another option than abortion. Bringing a child into this world and allowing a loving family to raise the child is what every mother who cannot provide should do. When adopted children are older, they can decide whether or not to seek their biological parents and if the biological parents will accept them being found is always a chance the child takes. This allows the child to accept why his or her biological parents did put them up for adoption and gives him or her closure if needed. When deciding whether to have a child who will be put up for adoption or acquiring an abortion is important to remember to weigh pro and cons. Whereas abortion allows the mother freedom so does adoption. Whereas abortion allows teens to grow up so does adoption. Adoption is cost free ,and sometimes the adoptive parents provide income for the mother until the baby is born and abortion can range from $500 $2000 depending on how far along the pregnancy is (American Adoptions, 2009). A biggest con to abortion is not being able to see the child develop, which is possible when having an open adoption. Abortion may also cause depression afterwards. Some may have a difficult time getting over the fact a life was just taken because of irresponsibility and selfishness (American Adoptions, 2009). Adoption lessens those chances because knowing that the child is in good hands and receiving what the birth mother could not gives sense of relief and right doing. Adoption versus abortion is difficult for any woman who is not ready to be a mother, and the decision can be more traumatic for some than others. Being comfortable with the decision made and understanding all consequences will provide the best outcome for both the baby and the birth mother. For many people abortion is a word that conjures up images of death, mutilation, and generally a bad feeling. Abortion is a clean procedure that can occur through surgery or medications (Discovery Health, 2010). Many people question if it is better to make the decision of an abortion. They have to believe that the decision made was for the best. The woman could choose to have the child, and give up rights to it, and always wonder how the child is. Both decisions are difficult, and only two people can make the choice, the biological parents. Why is abortion a good option for some women? The reasons for a woman to obtain an abortion vary widely as do the ages of the women. Up to six million pregnancies occur every year. More than half of those pregnancies not planned. Of those women who have an unplanned pregnancy 50% were using a form of contraception when they conceived. About 74% of women surveyed who have had an abortion said that to have a baby at that time in their lives would dramatically change their live. Another 48% said they did not want to be a single mother, or there were problems in their relationships. Interfering with work was another 38% and the same percentage for education. 32% said they could not care for another child. A large 73% of women surveyed said they could not afford to have a baby (Stacey, 2010). A point of interest is a small 1% of women said the abortion was because of a forced sexual encounter (Westside Pregnancy Clinic, 2009). For whatever reason a woman chooses to have an abortion, women have her reasons. Looking at the numbers, this is relatively small in comparison of how many babies are born each year. However, if every woman who opted for an abortion could not have one, and had to carry the child to full term, this would mean 1. 3 million infants would be born each year to fill the orphanages (Stacey, 2010). To make women have a baby when they could not physically, emotionally, or financially care for the child should not be mandatory. Every woman has a right to choose what is right for her. What are some good reasons for abortions? †¢ Though women have a hard time choosing abortion as an option for unwanted pregnancies, they have been making the choice for a long time. †¢ Ultimately, she is the one who would be going through the actual â€Å"Labor† of continuing pregnancy, delivering a baby, bringing the baby up, parenting the child, in addition to other obligations she has to do her daily life. To get it done with little or no help from the partner and families needs a well-balanced body and mind. †¢ Nothing called pro-choice and pro-life. Both ideologies meet at one common point e. g. Pro-Life-Life of the baby and Life of the mother. Life of the baby ultimately depends on mother’s health and it is best to allow the mother to choose for her, when she wants a baby. †¢ Whereas we argue about the mental well being of a woman, how do others get to decide what would be more traumatic to the woman, abortion or, ‘childbirth and the unending list of duties waiting to be accomplished Maisie, 2010). Many children on waiting lists for prospective parents, why is the wait so long for some of these children? Adoption can be a long, tedious, and expensive process. For some adopting parents the child requirements are specific, such as a Caucasian female infant. This could take years to find the right child. Many children older, a different race or not the correct gender could sit in an orphanage for a long time. The adoptive parents must meet strict requirements before adopting a child. This often deters some prospective adoption parents from going through the process because of the invasive way the backgrounds checked (Marchick, 2010). As the prospective parents are going through the tedious process of adoption many children sit, wait, and hope. Children waiting for a family begin to have a sense of loss or separation. Many children often believe a sense of abandonment even after they had been adopted. The psychological effects of a child waiting for adoption can be deeply set into an older child. A person has to wonder if a child waiting in an orphanage for years is better than adopting out quickly. Children the ages of 10 and above have no one who will care for them because of one issue, or another (Unknown Author, 2010). To bring 1. 3 million more children into the world when there are children currently who cannot be adopted would be cruel (Stacey, 2010). What are the negative psychological effects on adopted and unwanted children? Pro-lifers believe every child has a right to life but do not consider the quality of life that child will have either by choice or circumstance. The consequence of a child knowing he or she unwanted by the people supposed to want him or her above all, is a scar carried for life. More than half a million children in this country live in foster homes. It is unrealistic to think that an adopted baby is going to a loving home when in actuality it is 50/50. Many people adopt or foster children just for the money; children bounced around from family to family, deepening their abandonment while suffering other abuses. Abortion should not be used as birth control but one has to realize the implications of being an unwanted child. Many studies have been done that focus on the psychological effects of being an adoptee or an unwanted child. Statistics show that unwanted births are a major factor contributing to the murder of infants and children and to child abuse in general. A study of 37 infants killed within the first 24 hours after birth, he found that 83% of the victims unwanted by the mother (Slaughter of the Innocents, Dr. Resnick, 1977). Females who have unwelcome babies have inferior interactions with their children, at times this is not just reserved for the unwanted child. Because of the detachment of the mother this develops into social and developmental problems for the child. The child is reaching out for attention and acceptance anyway possible. All parts of development are affected negatively, for example, sense of self-worth, behavior traits, learning and work-related achievement, psychological, and personal associations. Adopted children in the United States are the only citizens who cannot know their true names and the names of the birth parents. What Percent of children put up for adoption is abused? Finding statistics for abused children in adoption and foster care is virtually impossible because the numbers change frequently and most cases go unreported. In Ohio, there are more than 3,500 children waiting to be adopted. Even though adoption can be thought of as a loving choice, it is also a lucrative business earning approximately 1. 4 billion dollars a year; confidential adoptions are roughly $60,000. The childs wellbeing is subsequent to the money that can be acquired. Sadly, there is a valid unspoken possibility that these children will be physically, sexually, and mentally abused. For instance, seven-year-old Nathanial Carver was beaten to death by his adopted parents; his body had nearly 80 external injuries – 20 of them to his head August 19, 2009. A 4-year-old girl adoptee suffered bruises, welts, cuts and burns to her face and upper body from scalding hot bath water February 21, 2010. The time to increase society’s consciousness to the abuse in the adoption system is now; these are children not merchandise. The lesson to ascertain unwanted pregnancies provide a platform for abuse and neglect, which in turn warps the child who will eventually be part of society. People need to meet requirements to drive or carry a gun, but anyone can make and mold a life; it is time for that to change. Is Adoption the Heroic Choice? Women who make adoption plans for their children are heroes. In fact, they may be among the most heroic people in our society. Few people place the needs of others so far ahead of their own needs. A birth mother, who makes an adoption plan for her child, makes, if not the ultimate sacrifice for her child, certainly one, which few of us would have the courage to make. A birth mother makes an adoption plan because she loves her baby and wants to provide more for her baby than she herself can provide. This is not because she is a bad person or an unfit parent, far from it. In fact she realizes the limitations of what she can realistically provide for her child. She makes the most difficult decision of her life; allowing another person the opportunity to parent her child, to love her child, and to have a relationship with her child; which she knows that she can only dream. Unfortunately, in our society, women who choose to abort their babies receive more support and encouragement than those who make an adoption plan. Fully one half of the American public believes that a woman has an absolute right to abort her child. In fact, many of those same people would use force, if necessary, to ensure that a woman has a right to abort her child. They would campaign against a political figure who did not support abortion, and would try to block appointments to the United States Supreme Court or even lobby against cabinet nominees. If they believed that the person may try to curtail abortion in our country (Kirsh, 1993). What are Christian Beliefs Regarding Abortion Issues? Christians divided on the issue of Abortion. The polls show that a majority of people have reservations about both the extreme pro-life and pro-choice positions.

New Product! Reedsy Launches New Book Marketing Tool

New Product! Reedsy Launches New Book Marketing Tool Big Announcement! We've Launched a New Book Marketing Tool For over four years, the team at Reedsy has worked with thousands of self-published authors helping them develop their craft and publish better books with the help of our professional editors, designers, and book marketers. And in that time, we’ve noticed one thing popping up again and again: As an indie author, it’s really hard to find readers.When you’ve spent ages perfecting your book, polishing the manuscript and nailing the cover design, it going to be a total bummer if you put it out into the world and only hear the sound of crickets (notably, the least literate of insects).With this challenge in mind, we’re really excited to announce the launch of Reedsy Discovery 🎉 #Selfpub authors! Check out Reedsy's new book marketing platform! What is Reedsy Discovery?Designed with indie authors in mind, Reedsy Discovery is a platform that gives you direct exposure to hundreds of reviewers and thousands of readers. With the help of our community and machine-learning algorithms, Reedsy Discovery will let you home in on eager readers who would otherwise have no way of finding out about your awesome mystery novel, fantasy epic, memoir, or non-fiction masterpiece. In short, it’s all about connecting your book with the right people. Or, if you want another comparison: it’s like Goodreads for indie authors (only it looks a lot better).Throwing humility to the wind, our aim is to make Reedsy Discovery the go-to platform for any author looking to create momentum for their launch.So how does it work?When you sign up to Discovery, your book will be presented to a pool of experienced and relevant reviewers that have been hand-selected by the team at Reedsy. For maximum suitability, they get to choose what they review - so make sure that your title, synopsis, and cover catches their eye!Then, on the launch date of your choice (which, we’re imagining might coincide with your publishing date) your book will be promoted to thousands of registered readers who can then:Browse your sample chapter 👀Comment on it 💠¬Lovingly admire your cover design 😠Read your review (if you have one) 🠤“Upvote the book 👠And purchase it through your chosen online retailers 💠¸ Big announcement! You can now find over 100 reviewers for indie books at Reedsy Discovery! At launch, authors will pay $50 for exposure on Reedsy Discovery. To stand the best chance of attracting the right reviewer, we’ve created a guide to launching on Reedsy Discovery which includes our best submission tips.So if you’re a self-publishing author, why not head down to Reedsy Discovery and find out how we can help you get the reviews and readers that your book launch deserves!Want to help out your ol’ buddies at Reedsy? Click here and upvote Reedsy Discovery at Product Hunt. Any help us get the word out about this service - which will, in turn, help you get more eyes on your next book.

The impact of Communicational climate on job satisfaction and job Literature review

The impact of Communicational climate on job satisfaction and job performance - Literature review Example Many organizations are run through managerial leadership or rather transactional leadership. Burns (1978) says that transactional leadership is based on the assumption that improving communication will increase morale and motivation, which in turn will increase individual and organizational performance (p. 55). It makes a lot of senses that satisfied workers will work harder and perform better than dissatisfied workers; if people are happy at work, they should work harder and perform better than dissatisfied workers; if people are happy at work, they should be more committed to their organization and thus should want to work harder to make sure their organization succeeds. Northhouse (2010) argues that relational strategies do have positive effects on performance in the production-oriented firms, but not for the reasons typically ascribed to it (p. 45). Rafaeli & Sudweeks (1994) says that 50 years of research on the bond between job satisfaction and performance have not found strong relationships between the two (p. 99). The average correlation is 0.14 which means that about 2 percent of differences in employee’s performance can be attributed to differences in their job satisfaction or that other factors simultaneously increase both satisfaction and performance. Organizational communication usually takes the form of top-bottom communication meaning that communication comes from top managers to lower rank employees. This is the most common although bottom-top communication also occurs at times. Pliskin & Romm (1990) says that a string of later studies exposed empirical evidence suggesting that employee’s perceptions of top management communication influence employee’s job satisfaction and performance (p. 56-60). Poole (1983) found in a study of hospital nurses, for example, that the factors most influencing nurses’ job satisfaction, and performance

An implementation of an E - COMMERCE Mathematical tutorial website Essay

An implementation of an E - COMMERCE Mathematical tutorial website - Essay Example The paper tells that technology changes us in the same way as it changes the world. It changes our perception towards others and it influences and plays a critical role in every minute aspect of our lives so much so that one may understand the impact of the famous quote made by Howard Sparks at once. The rapid increase of the use of technology has changed the way one looks at things. Our learning and teaching methods have changed dramatically over the past few decades. Today, the physical barriers of geographical location, race, or age do not bind us from aspiring to learn or achieve anything. The impact has rather been explosive over the last decade with the introduction of new methods as far as teaching is concerned. The main reason for such a significant change has been the enormous use of the Internet & the World Wide Web. The extensive use of the World Wide Web has enabled us to create new teaching methods that have proven to be a major hit over conventional teaching methods. Th is is the new age of the concept of e-learning. One of the significant changes that e-learning has brought about has been that it has moved away from traditional teaching methods, where the learner used to be passive all along the while. The approach used by e-learning is in contrast to this idea and adopts an interactive methodology towards learning by transforming the learning medium and the teaching session into an appealing and an interactive one. Therefore, this is one of the major areas that the present project has had to concentrate on.

Crystal Violate activation of energy Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Crystal Violate activation of energy - Lab Report Example This reaction is as below in a simplified form by abbreviating the crystal violets chemical formula as CV. The violet-colored CV+ reactant slowly faded to a colorless product as the reaction proceeded, following the typical behavior of any indicator. The colour change were be measured by a Vernier Colorimeter set at 565 nm of wavelength in assumption that absorbance is directly proportional to the concentration of crystal violet according to Beer’s law. The molar concentration of the sodium hydroxide, NaOH, solution was much greater than that of crystal violet. This ensured that the reaction, which is first order with respect to crystal violet, was first order overall throughout the practical experiment. The reactions were monitored at different temperatures, while maintaining the initial concentrations of the reactants the same for each of the trial. The effects of temperature change on the rate of reaction were observed and measured. Finally, the activation energy, Ea, for the reaction was calculated. In this lab Experiment the apparatus and materials used included Lab Quest , Lab Quest App Temperature Probe, Vernier Colorimeter, Temperature Probe, 5 plastic cuvettes, 0.10 M sodium hydroxide, NaOH, solution, 2.5 Ãâ€" 10–5 M crystal violet solution, 1 liter beaker, ice, watch with a second hand, two 10 mL graduated cylinders, two 100 mL beakers and 50 mL beaker. In this experiment, the procedure was as follow. The initial step involved obtaining and wearing goggles. This was followed by connecting the Colorimeter to Channel 1 of LabQuest and the Temperature Probe to Channel 2 of LabQuest and choosing New from the File menu. The next step involved changing the data-collection rate to 1 samples /second and the length to 200 seconds. The colorimeter was the calibrated and the calibration used for all the four trials in the done in the experiment. In calibrating the colorimeter, a blank was prepared by filling an